条件、治疗、测试 & 关于不孕不育的其他术语
禁欲
Refraining from sexual stimulation to the point of ejaculation.
顶体精子
精子头顶端的一个隔间，里面含有酶，能破坏卵子的外层保护层. 释放这些酶使精子有可能使卵子受精的过程被称为顶体反应.
Anti-Sperm抗体
Antibodies specific to a male’s 精子 produced by the female or male partner. These antibodies can lead to destruction of the 精子 and reduced fertility.
人工授精
当使用人工授精时，女性伴侣决定何时排卵，并准备精液样本. 进行人工授精的医生或护士使用一根小导管插入子宫，将准备好的精子存入子宫. 这种手术的优点是成本相对较低（每次200 - 400美元），而且侵入性最小.
人工授精（AID）
人工智能使用供体精子.
辅助生殖技术（ART）
Advanced procedures used to assist in achieving pregnancy. Includes procedures such a as 试管婴儿, GIFT, and ZIFT.
精子缺乏
精液中没有精子. May be caused by the failure of 精子 production.
精子获能
精子在通过女性生殖道时所经历的一系列生化反应. Sperm capacitation allows the 精子 to acrosome react. 精子获能 is necessary in order for a 精子 to fertilize the egg.
子宫颈
子宫口：从阴道到子宫的开口.
概念
怀孕的开始，通常以胚胎植入子宫内膜为标志.
低温贮藏
The process of preserving embryos, 精子 or oocytes (eggs) by freezing.
捐献精子
Sperm from a man who is not a woman’s partner for the purpose of producing pregnancy.
射精
A sudden discharging of a fluid, such as semen, from a duct.
受精
The combining of an egg and a 精子 to create a new individual.
仓鼠卵渗透试验（HEPT）
见“精子穿透试验”
低渗透压试验（HOS）
精液分析中的一种诊断性测试，可获得有关精子膜功能完整性的信息. Used in conjunction with the 精子 viability, 精子 motility and 精子 agglutination results, it can predict the possible clinical presence of anti-精子 antibodies.
植入
The process of attachment of the embryo to the endometrial lining of the uterine wall.
不孕不育
一对夫妇经过一年的无保护性交后不能受孕或不能直接怀孕以活产. 更常见的说法是生育能力低下.
胞浆内单精子注射
与试管受精相关的显微操作允许将单个精子直接注射到卵子中. When the 精子 count is extremely low or of poor quality, or if the 精子 must be taken from the epididymis or testicle, 这个技巧非常有用. 它扩大了体外受精的使用范围, 尤其是对那些, 就在不久之前, had little or no chance of contributing biologically to a pregnancy. The pregnancy rates with this ICSI are about the same as conventional 试管婴儿.
体外受精（试管婴儿）
If there is known female factor 不孕不育, or 精子 are not available in sufficient quantity or quality, 试管受精是另一种选择. 这个过程要求女性, 与专家合作, be administered a hormone which promotes multiple egg maturation. 雌激素水平和超声波读数可以测量卵子的生长情况以及卵子何时足够成熟 , they are are obtained by ultrasound-directed aspiration.
The eggs are fertilized in the laboratory. 然后对产生的胚胎进行监测，直到取出的那天（通常在3到5天之间）。. The highest quality embryos are placed into the uterus with a small plastic catheter. 这种方法的优点包括高得多的怀孕率和使用浓度极低或活力差的精液样本的能力. Disadvantages include high costs (in the range of $12,000 – 15,000美元)和无数次的诊所就诊. Pregnancy rates currently range from 50-70% and can further be discussed by the physician
润滑剂
一种物质, 例如油或洗剂, capable of reducing friction when introduced as a film between solid surfaces. 某些润滑剂的使用可能会损害精液质量，因此不应在精液收集过程中使用.
促黄体激素
A hormone produced by the pituitary, which acts upon the ovaries to prompt ovulation. 排卵前36小时左右, the level of LH will greatly increase in the blood and subsequently the urine. This increase in LH is the "LH surge" and may be detected by testing the urine.
男性因素不育
不孕不育 caused by semen or 精子 abnormalities. This may include the production of insufficient numbers of 精子, insufficient 精子 motility or 精子 with abnormal morphological characteristics.
自慰
性高潮对生殖器的自我操纵，通常导致性高潮，不通过性交或口交而达到.
排卵
The discharge of a secondary oocyte (egg) from the ovary. 排卵 usually occurs approximately 14 days prior to the end of the reproductive cycle.
胚胎植入前遗传学诊断（PGD）
PGD screens embryos for a specific gene defect that causes a particular disorder. 这些疾病包括：囊性纤维化, 亨特综合症, x连锁淋巴细胞增生性疾病, 脊髓肌萎缩症, 亨廷顿氏舞蹈病, 血友病, 地中海贫血, 表皮松解大疱, 杜氏肌营养不良症. This approach uses 试管婴儿 technology to obtain eggs from the mother, which are then fertilized in the laboratory with 精子 from the father. 受精后几天, a cell is removed from a developing embryo to test for genetic disorders. Embryos without genetic defects are then implanted into the uterus. 根据基因缺陷的不同，PGD的费用从1000美元到5000美元不等，而试管受精的费用约为1.2万美元. Most couples spend approximately $18,000 for both procedures.
前列腺
尿道腺位于男性尿道底部的腺体，分泌营养物质并缓冲碱性液体，是射精液的主要成分.
精液
Composition of 精子 and seminal fluid released from the male urethra during ejaculation.
精液分析
The most economical method of evaluating male fertility. 这通常是男性与他的伴侣调查不孕症的第一次评估. The major parameters of the semen analysis include the 精子 concentration, 逐渐运动的精子数量, 精子形态.
生殖内分泌学 & 不孕不育专家（REI）
生殖内分泌学和不孕症专家是妇产科医生，在女性生殖激素和不孕症的研究和治疗方面有额外的培训和经验. 男科实验室与犹他生殖医学中心的REI专家密切合作。.
精子的运动性
The percentage of all moving 精子 in a semen sample. 大发娱乐提供关于精子到达受精点的能力的信息，可能是生育问题的指示.
精子穿透试验（SPA）
（也被称为仓鼠卵穿透测试（HEPT））是预测受精能力最准确的测试, 并且还可以预测实验室技术提高精子受精能力的能力. 精子样本的评估方式与体外受精（试管婴儿）大致相同。, 除了这些卵子（经过化学处理，使正常的人类精子能够穿透它们）是从仓鼠身上获得的. 这项测试的目的是观察具有功能的人类精子是否能够完成受精的第一步，包括穿透卵子（超过这一步就什么都不会发生了）。. When test results are compared; if less than 50% of the eggs are penetrated in the non-stimulated 精子, there is a correlation of the decreased ability to fertilize. A score higher than 50% indicates that the 精子 should have the ability to fertilize.
无菌
Free from living organisms and especially microorganisms. 这一术语也适用于无法通过射精受精的男性.
睾丸
产生精子（成熟精子）和雄性激素睾丸素的男性性腺.
犹他州生殖医学中心 (UCRM)
男科临床实验室也为犹他州生殖医学中心（UCRM）的患者大发娱乐提供服务。, which is located adjacent to the Andrology and 试管婴儿 Laboratory. The UCRM is part of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. REI专家为女性不孕症患者大发娱乐提供辅助生殖技术. 男科实验室为男性伴侣大发娱乐提供诊断检查，准备新鲜精液样本和/或冷冻保存的备用样本，并为人工授精大发娱乐提供胚胎学服务, 试管婴儿, ICSI, 或PGD.
子宫
雌性的肌肉器官，受精卵在此植入，随后的胚胎和胎儿在此发育. The lining of the uterus (endometrium) provides nutrients for the developing baby. The cavity opens through the cervix and into the vagina. The fallopian tubes extend from the top of the uterus and lead to the ovaries.
阴道
The female organ of sexual intercourse, where the 精子 are deposited. 它也可以作为产道.
输精管
精管一种厚壁管，始于并与睾丸内附睾的尾部相连，最终与精囊管相连形成射精管. They transports 精子 from the epididymis to the urethra.
佐纳孵化（辅助孵化）
透明带是胚胎在着床前必须孵化出来的膜或外壳. 在一些女性中, 尤其是超过37岁的人, this membrane may become hard or too thick and difficult to hatch out of. During in vitro fertilization this shell may be measured and if it is too thick, a small hole may be drilled in the outer membrane to make implantation more probable.
